# GEVIBench

> Open benchmark of 73 genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs): published performance values curated from the original papers, normalized to one definition per metric, each linked to its source. Measured values only — no scores or rankings.

Interpretation notes:
- Brightness (B/B_EGFP): Molecular brightness relative to EGFP (extinction coefficient × quantum yield, or a measured ratio). Sensors not measured against EGFP directly are placed through a chain of pairwise brightness comparisons, combined by geometric mean.
- Kinetics τ_on / τ_off (ms): Activation / decay time constants in ms (amplitude-weighted mean τ for multi-exponential fits). The value shown averages the measurements made at physiological temperature (≥33 °C); if there are none, it is the measurement closest to 33 °C.
- ΔF/F per 100 mV: Steady-state fluorescence change for a 100 mV depolarization step (−70 → +30 mV); the sign gives the polarity. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
- ΔF/F per mV: Subthreshold sensitivity: fluorescence change per mV near rest (−90 to −50 mV). Where no value is reported directly, it is estimated from the F–V curve.
- ΔF/F per AP: Fluorescence change per single action potential in neurons. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
- AP width (FWHM, ms): Full width at half maximum of the optical spike waveform.
- Photostability t75% @ 100 mW/mm²: Time for fluorescence to fall to 75% of its initial value under one-photon illumination, linearly dose-scaled to 100 mW/mm² (t50% is used where the 75% crossing falls inside a fast initial transient). Two-photon curves are not dose-scaled and are excluded.
- Papers using it (N_used): Number of published research papers, tracked by GEVIBench, that used the sensor for an experiment (a popularity / track-record measure).
- Brightness values are relative to EGFP (1.0 = as bright as EGFP). Opsin-based sensors are typically 10⁻³–10⁻² and are imaged at much higher illumination.
- Values from different preparations (culture, slice, in vivo; 1P vs 2P) are listed separately on each sensor page with their source.

Cite as: Adam E. Cohen and Daozheng Gong (2026). Voltage imaging: A practical guide. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.002

## Data
- [All sensors in full](https://gevibench.org/llms-full.txt): every value, measurement, source and research paper, as Markdown
- [gevis.json](https://gevibench.org/data/gevis.json): machine-readable values and measurements with sources
- [gevis.csv](https://gevibench.org/data/gevis.csv): one row per sensor

## Sensors (73)
- [2Photron](https://gevibench.org/gevi/2photron): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2024; negative-going; B 2.42× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.6 / 2.2 ms; ΔF/F -24%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.28%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 5.72%/AP; AP FWHM 1.4 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [Ace2N-mNeon](https://gevibench.org/gevi/ace2n-mneon): eFRET GEVI, 2015; negative-going; B 2.73× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.2 / 3.8 ms; ΔF/F -17.9%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.091%/mV; ΔF/F 5%/AP; AP FWHM 3.9 ms; t75 11 s; N_used 6 papers
- [Ace2N-mNeon2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/ace2n-mneon2): eFRET GEVI, 2022; negative-going; B 3.04× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.5 / 1.5 ms; ΔF/F -26.1%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 16.5%/AP; AP FWHM 5 ms; t75 17 s; N_used 5 papers
- [AMBER](https://gevibench.org/gevi/amber): Bioluminescent GEVI, 2021; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 40 / 30 ms; ΔF/F +200%/100 mV; t75 bioluminescent (no photobleaching); N_used 1 papers
- [Arch](https://gevibench.org/gevi/arch): Opsin GEVI, 2012; positive-going; B 0.00030× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.50 / 0.50 ms; ΔF/F +45%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.17%/mV (F–V estimate); AP FWHM 4.3 ms; N_used 10 papers
- [Archer1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/archer1): Opsin GEVI, 2014; positive-going; B 0.0011× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.5 / 5.5 ms; ΔF/F +85%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.78%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 33%/AP; t75 55.0 min; N_used 6 papers
- [Archer2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/archer2): Opsin GEVI, 2014; positive-going; B 0.0016× EGFP; ΔF/F +60%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.45%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 3 papers
- [Archon1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/archon1): Opsin GEVI, 2018; positive-going; B 0.0039× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.5 / 2.5 ms; ΔF/F +43%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.4%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 30%/AP; AP FWHM 2.6 ms; t75 7.0 h; N_used 16 papers
- [Archon2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/archon2): Opsin GEVI, 2018; positive-going; B 0.0067× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.0 / 0.72 ms; ΔF/F +20%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 18%/AP; AP FWHM 2.4 ms; t75 1.2 h; N_used 4 papers
- [ArcLight](https://gevibench.org/gevi/arclight): VSD-single FP, 2012; negative-going; B 0.66× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 25 / 30 ms; ΔF/F -35%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.47%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 3.2%/AP; AP FWHM 6.6 ms; t75 7.3 s; N_used 53 papers
- [ASAP1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap1): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2014; negative-going; B 0.43× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 6.7 / 12 ms; ΔF/F -17.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.21%/mV; ΔF/F 6.3%/AP; AP FWHM 6.2 ms; t75 11 s; N_used 21 papers
- [ASAP2s](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap2s): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2017; negative-going; B 0.43× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 7.8 / 14 ms; ΔF/F -38.7%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.15%/mV; ΔF/F 12.2%/AP; AP FWHM 15 ms; t75 5.5 s; N_used 13 papers
- [ASAP3](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap3): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2019; negative-going; B 0.45× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 6.8 / 11 ms; ΔF/F -51%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.68%/mV; ΔF/F 18%/AP; AP FWHM 5.7 ms; t75 52 s; N_used 27 papers
- [ASAP4b](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap4b): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2023; positive-going; B 0.20× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 5.6 / 7.0 ms; ΔF/F +180%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.3%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 35%/AP; AP FWHM 8.7 ms; t75 59 s; N_used 5 papers
- [ASAP4e](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap4e): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2023; positive-going; B 0.17× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 6.3 / 5.7 ms; ΔF/F +210%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.1%/mV; ΔF/F 38%/AP; AP FWHM 5 ms; N_used 6 papers
- [ASAP5](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap5): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2024; negative-going; B 0.31× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.0 / 2.6 ms; ΔF/F -57%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.3%/mV; ΔF/F 34%/AP; AP FWHM 4 ms; t75 17 s; N_used 11 papers
- [ASAP6c](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap6c): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; positive-going; B 0.11× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.9 / 4.4 ms; ΔF/F +222%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 70%/AP; AP FWHM 5.3 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [ASAP7y](https://gevibench.org/gevi/asap7y): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; negative-going; B 0.34× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.90 / 2.7 ms; ΔF/F -80%/100 mV; ΔF/F 2%/mV; ΔF/F 62%/AP; AP FWHM 10 ms; t75 1.3 s; N_used 3 papers
- [Bongwoori](https://gevibench.org/gevi/bongwoori): VSD-single FP, 2015; negative-going; B 0.19× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 14 / 11 ms; ΔF/F -13%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.05%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 3.7%/AP; AP FWHM 33 ms; t75 1.2 s; N_used 9 papers
- [Bongwoori-R3](https://gevibench.org/gevi/bongwoori-r3): VSD-single FP, 2017; negative-going; B 0.36× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 11 / 10 ms; ΔF/F -20%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 5.9%/AP; t75 3.0 s; N_used 4 papers
- [CAESR](https://gevibench.org/gevi/caesr): eFRET GEVI, 2014; negative-going; B 1.43× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 9.9 / 15 ms; ΔF/F -13.1%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.14%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 9.7%/AP; N_used 2 papers
- [Cepheid1b](https://gevibench.org/gevi/cepheid1b): eFRET GEVI, 2023; negative-going; B 1.40× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.7 / 5.0 ms; ΔF/F -31%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.4%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 12.1%/AP; AP FWHM 7 ms; t75 17 s; N_used 2 papers
- [Cepheid1s](https://gevibench.org/gevi/cepheid1s): eFRET GEVI, 2023; negative-going; B 0.36× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.0 / 3.5 ms; ΔF/F -30%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.4%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 13.3%/AP; AP FWHM 7.9 ms; N_used 2 papers
- [ElectraOFF](https://gevibench.org/gevi/electraoff): eFRET GEVI, 2025; negative-going; B 4.86× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.8 / 1.1 ms; ΔF/F -13%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 14.5%/AP; AP FWHM 6.4 ms; t75 1.1 min; N_used 2 papers
- [ElectraON](https://gevibench.org/gevi/electraon): eFRET GEVI, 2025; positive-going; B 2.51× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.1 / 0.58 ms; ΔF/F +10%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 22.8%/AP; AP FWHM 4.8 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [ElectricPk](https://gevibench.org/gevi/electricpk): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2012; negative-going; B 0.32× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.2 / 36 ms; ΔF/F -1.2%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.02%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 0.7%/AP; AP FWHM 4.4 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [FlicR1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/flicr1): VSD-single FP, 2016; positive-going; B 0.34× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.4 / 3.7 ms; ΔF/F +6.6%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.067%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 2.6%/AP; AP FWHM 6.8 ms; t75 48 s; N_used 5 papers
- [FlicR2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/flicr2): VSD-single FP, 2018; positive-going; B 0.50× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 16 / 16 ms; ΔF/F +12.9%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.14%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 2 papers
- [FORCE1s](https://gevibench.org/gevi/forces1): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; positive-going; B 0.22× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.7 / 6.0 ms; ΔF/F +267%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.2%/mV; ΔF/F 92.7%/AP; AP FWHM 3.8 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [HArclight1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/harclight1): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2021; negative-going; B 1.81× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 5.1 / 5.7 ms; ΔF/F -3.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.05%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 1 papers
- [HASAP1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/hasap1): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2021; positive-going; B 1.81× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.2 / 2.4 ms; ΔF/F +9.3%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.075%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 3.7%/AP; AP FWHM 15 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [HVI](https://gevibench.org/gevi/hvi): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2021; negative-going; B 2.10× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.7 / 2.5 ms; ΔF/F -39.1%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.28%/mV; ΔF/F 25.3%/AP; AP FWHM 12 ms; t75 1.2 min; N_used 3 papers
- [HVI+](https://gevibench.org/gevi/hviplus): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2025; positive-going; B 1.11× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 6.8 / 5.5 ms; ΔF/F +55%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.22%/mV; ΔF/F 22.3%/AP; AP FWHM 9.5 ms; t75 3.2 min; N_used 1 papers
- [Jarvis](https://gevibench.org/gevi/jarvis): eFRET GEVI, 2026; positive-going; B 1.39× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.7 / 1.9 ms; ΔF/F +29%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 25%/AP; AP FWHM 1.7 ms; t75 2.1 min; N_used 1 papers
- [JEDI-1P](https://gevibench.org/gevi/jedi1p): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2023; negative-going; B 0.89× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 5.1 / 6.2 ms; ΔF/F -56%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.9%/mV; ΔF/F 31.2%/AP; AP FWHM 4.9 ms; t75 54 s; N_used 7 papers
- [JEDI-2P](https://gevibench.org/gevi/jedi2p): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2022; negative-going; B 0.51× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.1 / 2.8 ms; ΔF/F -48%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.7%/mV; ΔF/F 18.2%/AP; AP FWHM 1.6 ms; t75 14 s; N_used 14 papers
- [JEDI-3hyp](https://gevibench.org/gevi/jedi3hyp): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; negative-going; B 0.41× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.2 / 2.1 ms; ΔF/F -51.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.9%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 36.4%/AP; AP FWHM 3.8 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [JEDI-3sub](https://gevibench.org/gevi/jedi3sub): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; negative-going; B 0.46× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.1 / 2.2 ms; ΔF/F -63.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.3%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 42.8%/AP; AP FWHM 3.9 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [LOTUS-V](https://gevibench.org/gevi/lotusv): Bioluminescent GEVI, 2017; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 129 / 103 ms; ΔF/F +21%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.14%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 2.8%/AP; AP FWHM 11 ms; t75 bioluminescent (no photobleaching); N_used 2 papers
- [MacQ-mCitrine](https://gevibench.org/gevi/macq-mcitrine): eFRET GEVI, 2014; negative-going; B 1.96× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 21 / 20 ms; ΔF/F -20%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 4.8%/AP; AP FWHM 10 ms; t75 2.6 s; N_used 5 papers
- [MacQ-mOrange2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/macq-morange2): eFRET GEVI, 2014; negative-going; B 1.96× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 7.4 / 6.9 ms; ΔF/F -20%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.25%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 7.2%/AP; t75 6.5 s; N_used 1 papers
- [Marina](https://gevibench.org/gevi/marina): VSD-single FP, 2017; positive-going; B 0.44× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 29 / 33 ms; ΔF/F +29%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.25%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 1.4%/AP; t75 49 s; N_used 4 papers
- [Mermaid](https://gevibench.org/gevi/mermaid): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2008; positive-going; B 1.29× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 10 / 19 ms; ΔF/F +40%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.25%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 1.6%/AP; t75 4.1 s; N_used 9 papers
- [Mermaid2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/mermaid2): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2013; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 3.5 / 10 ms; ΔF/F +48.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.35%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 2.57%/AP; N_used 1 papers
- [nirButterfly](https://gevibench.org/gevi/nirbutterfly): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2020; negative-going; B 0.04× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.2 / 2.1 ms; ΔF/F -9.8%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F -6%/AP; t75 1.0 min; N_used 2 papers
- [NovArch](https://gevibench.org/gevi/novarch): Opsin GEVI, 2021; positive-going; B 0.01× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.3 / 5.7 ms; ΔF/F +41%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.41%/mV; ΔF/F 28%/AP; AP FWHM 5.9 ms; t75 33.6 min; N_used 2 papers
- [pAce](https://gevibench.org/gevi/pace): eFRET GEVI, 2022; positive-going; B 2.40× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.69 / 1.2 ms; ΔF/F +30.5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.33%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 10.7%/AP; AP FWHM 4.3 ms; t75 32 s; N_used 7 papers
- [pAceR](https://gevibench.org/gevi/pacer): eFRET GEVI, 2022; positive-going; B 0.59× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.8 / 4.1 ms; ΔF/F +27.8%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 3.2%/AP; AP FWHM 2.7 ms; t75 41 s; N_used 2 papers
- [Pado](https://gevibench.org/gevi/pado): VSD-single FP, 2016; negative-going; τ_on/τ_off 93 / 10 ms; ΔF/F -5%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.05%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 1 papers
- [paQuasAr3](https://gevibench.org/gevi/quasar3): Opsin GEVI, 2019; positive-going; B 0.0012× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 8.1 / 4.7 ms; ΔF/F +40%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.4%/mV; ΔF/F 23.5%/AP; AP FWHM 1.8 ms; t75 3.3 h; N_used 12 papers
- [Positron](https://gevibench.org/gevi/positron): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2020; positive-going; B 1.56× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.4 / 4.3 ms; ΔF/F +23%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.25%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 5.9%/AP; t75 48 s; N_used 3 papers
- [Positron2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/positron2): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2022; positive-going; ΔF/F +37%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.38%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 15%/AP; N_used 1 papers
- [PROPS](https://gevibench.org/gevi/props): Opsin GEVI, 2011; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 4.7 / 4.7 ms; ΔF/F +150%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.8%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 4 papers
- [QuasAr1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/quasar1): Opsin GEVI, 2014; positive-going; B 0.0028× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.24 / 0.29 ms; ΔF/F +32%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.25%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 21%/AP; AP FWHM 2.6 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [QuasAr2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/quasar2): Opsin GEVI, 2014; positive-going; B 0.00086× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.1 / 1.5 ms; ΔF/F +90%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.7%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 48%/AP; AP FWHM 4.5 ms; t75 3.1 h; N_used 23 papers
- [QuasAr6a](https://gevibench.org/gevi/quasar6): Opsin GEVI, 2023; positive-going; B 0.0066× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.3 / 1.6 ms; ΔF/F +73%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.7%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 23%/AP; AP FWHM 2.4 ms; t75 5.2 h; N_used 5 papers
- [QuasAr6b](https://gevibench.org/gevi/quasar6b): Opsin GEVI, 2023; positive-going; B 0.0078× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.6 / 1.5 ms; ΔF/F +24%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.2%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 14%/AP; AP FWHM 1.6 ms; t75 4.7 h; N_used 2 papers
- [rEstus](https://gevibench.org/gevi/restus): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2024; negative-going; B 0.85× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 14 / 51 ms; ΔF/F -62%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.3%/mV; N_used 5 papers
- [rEstus-NI](https://gevibench.org/gevi/restus-ni): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2025; negative-going; B 0.84× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 181 / 433 ms; ΔF/F -57%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.1%/mV (F–V estimate); N_used 1 papers
- [rEstus2s](https://gevibench.org/gevi/restus2s): VSD-cpGFP GEVI, 2026; negative-going; B 0.56× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 12 / 42 ms; ΔF/F -83%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1.6%/mV; N_used 1 papers
- [Solaris](https://gevibench.org/gevi/solaris): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2024; negative-going; τ_on/τ_off 2.5 / 2.5 ms; ΔF/F -53%/100 mV; ΔF/F 1%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F -28.1%/AP; AP FWHM 12 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [SomArchon](https://gevibench.org/gevi/somarchon): Opsin GEVI, 2019; positive-going; B 0.01× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.60 / 1.1 ms; ΔF/F +30%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.35%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 43%/AP; AP FWHM 4.7 ms; t75 49.0 min; N_used 16 papers
- [VADER1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vader1): VSD-single FP, 2026; positive-going; B 0.42× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.4 / 5.2 ms; ΔF/F +42%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.067%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 40%/AP; AP FWHM 3.6 ms; N_used 1 papers
- [VARNAM](https://gevibench.org/gevi/varnam): eFRET GEVI, 2018; negative-going; B 0.85× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 3.0 / 2.8 ms; ΔF/F -10.8%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.1%/mV; ΔF/F 4.8%/AP; AP FWHM 3.6 ms; t75 30 s; N_used 7 papers
- [VARNAM2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/varnam2): eFRET GEVI, 2022; negative-going; B 0.85× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 0.95 / 1.2 ms; ΔF/F -19.1%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.23%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 7.3%/AP; AP FWHM 5.3 ms; t75 1.7 min; N_used 3 papers
- [Vega](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vega): eFRET GEVI, 2025; negative-going; B 6.80× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 1.3 / 3.7 ms; ΔF/F -33.1%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.5%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 17.1%/AP; AP FWHM 4.8 ms; t75 4.7 min; N_used 1 papers
- [Voltron](https://gevibench.org/gevi/voltron): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2019; negative-going; B 11.04× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 2.0 / 2.2 ms; ΔF/F -23%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.21%/mV; ΔF/F 6.16%/AP; AP FWHM 3 ms; t75 25 s; N_used 9 papers
- [Voltron2](https://gevibench.org/gevi/voltron2): Chemigenetic GEVI, 2023; negative-going; B 7.18× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 4.0 / 5.5 ms; ΔF/F -34%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.51%/mV; ΔF/F 10.09%/AP; AP FWHM 3.2 ms; t75 42 s; N_used 23 papers
- [VSFP-Butterfly](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vsfpbutterfly): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2012; positive-going; B 1.74× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 7.7 / 90 ms; ΔF/F +6%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.042%/mV; ΔF/F 0.3%/AP; N_used 28 papers
- [VSFP1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vsfp1): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2001; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 0.74 / 0.74 ms; ΔF/F +1.8%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.018%/mV; N_used 1 papers
- [VSFP2.1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vsfp2): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2007; positive-going; τ_on/τ_off 15 / 75 ms; ΔF/F +2.7%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.086%/mV; N_used 2 papers
- [VSFP2.3](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vsfp2_3): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2008; positive-going; B 1.74× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 49 / 70 ms; ΔF/F -8.3%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.15%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 0.2%/AP; N_used 8 papers
- [VSFP3.1](https://gevibench.org/gevi/vsfp3_1): VSD-FRET GEVI, 2009; negative-going; B 0.79× EGFP; τ_on/τ_off 25 / NaN ms; ΔF/F -1.3%/100 mV; ΔF/F 0.02%/mV (F–V estimate); ΔF/F 0.075%/AP; N_used 5 papers

## Pages
- [Family tree](https://gevibench.org/family-tree): lineage of every sensor
- [Brightness network](https://gevibench.org/brightness-network): brightness relative to EGFP and every pairwise comparison
- [About & how to cite](https://gevibench.org/about)

Generated 2026-10-12.