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The first archaerhodopsin-based voltage indicator, establishing that microbial opsins can optically report membrane potential, though with extremely dim baseline fluorescence.
Category: Opsin GEVI · Published: 2012 · Nature Methods 2012
Speed: τ_on=0.5 ms, τ_off=0.5 ms
Dynamic Range: 45% ΔF/F per 100mV
Brightness: 0.000268× vs EGFP
Research Papers (10)
- Optical recording of action potentials in mammalian neurons using a microbial rhodopsin — Kralj JM, Douglass AD, Hochbaum DR, Maclaurin D, Cohen AE, Nature Methods 2012
- Mechanism of voltage-sensitive fluorescence in a microbial rhodopsin — Maclaurin D, Venkatachalam V, Lee H, Cohen AE, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013
- Enhanced archaerhodopsin fluorescent protein voltage indicators — Gong Y, Li JZ, Schnitzer MJ, PLoS One 2013
- Archaerhodopsin voltage imaging: synaptic calcium and BK channels stabilize action potential repolarization at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction — Ford KJ, Davis GW, Journal of Neuroscience 2014
- Archaerhodopsin variants with enhanced voltage-sensitive fluorescence in mammalian and Caenorhabditis elegans neurons — Flytzanis NC, Bedbrook CN, Chiu H, Engqvist MKM, Xiao C, Chan KY, Sternberg PW, Arnold FH, Gradinaru V, Nature Communications 2014
- All-optical electrophysiology in mammalian neurons using engineered microbial rhodopsins — Hochbaum DR, Zhao Y, Farhi SL, Klapoetke NC, Werley CA, Kapoor V, Zou P, Kralj JM, Maclaurin D, Smedemark-Margulies N, Saulnier JL, Boulting GL, Straub C, Cho YK, Melkonian M, Wong GKS, Harrison DJ, Murthy VN, Sabatini BL, Boyden ES, Campbell RE, Cohen AE, Nature Methods 2014
- Photoactivated voltage imaging in tissue with an archaerhodopsin-derived reporter — Chien MP, Brinks D, Testa-Silva G, Tian H, Brooks FP, Adam Y, Bloxham B, Gmeiner B, Kheifets S, Cohen AE, Science Advances 2021
- Rational design of far-red archaerhodopsin-3-based fluorescent genetically encoded voltage indicators: from elucidation of the fluorescence mechanism in Archers to novel red-shifted variants — Nikolaev DM, Mironov VN, Metelkina EM, et al., ACS Physical Chemistry Au 2024
- Archaerhodopsin 3 is an ideal template for the engineering of highly fluorescent optogenetic reporters — Herasymenko K, Walisinghe D, Konno M, Barneschi L, de Waele I, Sliwa M, Inoue K, Olivucci M, Haacke S, Chemical Science 2025
- Semirational protein engineering yields archaerhodopsin-3-based fluorescent genetically encoded voltage indicators with enhanced brightness and red shifted absorption bands — Nikolaev DM, Metelkina EM, Domskii NA, et al., Chemical & Biomedical Engineering 2025