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FORCE1s

Positive-going variant evolved from JEDI-2P with substantially larger spike responses, high intrinsic brightness, and repolarization kinetics tuned for 2P imaging.

Category: VSD-cpGFP GEVI
Published: 2026-04-10 — bioRxiv 2026
Derived from: JEDI-2P
Response polarity: positive-going (fluorescence increases on depolarization)
Spectrum: excitation peak 489 nm, emission peak 516 nm (FORCE1s)
Two-photon compatible: yes
Tags: cpGFP, Green, Positive-going, Two-photon

Headline values (as shown in the GEVIBench table)

Metric	Value	Definition
Brightness (B/B_EGFP)	0.22× EGFP	Molecular brightness relative to EGFP (extinction coefficient × quantum yield, or a measured ratio). Sensors not measured against EGFP directly are placed through a chain of pairwise brightness comparisons, combined by geometric mean.
Kinetics τ_on / τ_off (ms)	3.7 / 6.0 ms	Activation / decay time constants in ms (amplitude-weighted mean τ for multi-exponential fits). The value shown averages the measurements made at physiological temperature (≥33 °C); if there are none, it is the measurement closest to 33 °C.
ΔF/F per 100 mV	+267%	Steady-state fluorescence change for a 100 mV depolarization step (−70 → +30 mV); the sign gives the polarity. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
ΔF/F per mV	1.2%	Subthreshold sensitivity: fluorescence change per mV near rest (−90 to −50 mV). Where no value is reported directly, it is estimated from the F–V curve.
ΔF/F per AP	92.7%	Fluorescence change per single action potential in neurons. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
AP width (FWHM, ms)	3.8 ms	Full width at half maximum of the optical spike waveform.
Photostability t75% @ 100 mW/mm²	—	Time for fluorescence to fall to 75% of its initial value under one-photon illumination, linearly dose-scaled to 100 mW/mm² (t50% is used where the 75% crossing falls inside a fast initial transient). Two-photon curves are not dose-scaled and are excluded.
Papers using it (N_used)	1	Number of published research papers, tracked by GEVIBench, that used the sensor for an experiment (a popularity / track-record measure).

Measurements and sources

Kinetics

τ_on 3.72 ms, τ_off 5.95 ms at 33°C — McDonald 2026, Table S1.4

AP width (FWHM)

2.6 ms at 7100 Hz sampling, Mouse, visual cortex L2/3, awake head-fixed, in vivo (ULoVE 2P), soma-targeted FORCE1s-Kv, 2P, 37°C — McDonald 2026, Fig. 3E
4.9 ms at 721 Hz sampling, HEK293A cells, whole-cell voltage clamp, in vitro (2-ms FWHM command AP waveform), 2P, 33°C — McDonald 2026, Fig. 1K

Brightness comparisons

0.39× the brightness of JEDI-2P — McDonald 2026, Fig. 1C
2× the brightness of ASAP4e — McDonald 2026, Fig. 1C

Photobleaching

t75% = 65 s at 100 mW at sample plane (2P, 940 nm), 2P — McDonald 2026, Fig. S1.2B

Fluorescence–voltage (F–V) curve

ΔF/F (%) at each membrane potential, normalized to 0 at −70 mV: -120 mV: -46%; -100 mV: -34%; -80 mV: -13%; -70 mV: 0%; -60 mV: 21%; -40 mV: 88%; -20 mV: 169%; 0 mV: 227%; 20 mV: 252%; 30 mV: 267%; 50 mV: 282% — McDonald 2026, Fig. 1E

Research papers using FORCE1s (1)

A versatile, positive-going voltage indicator that enables accessible two-photon recordings in vivo — McDonald AJ, Land MA, Yang S, et al., bioRxiv 2026 (Mouse, visual cortex L2/3, in vivo; Mouse, visual cortex, freely moving, in vivo; HEK293 cells, in vitro; Rat, hippocampal neurons, in vitro)

Data and citation

llms.txt — summary for language models
llms-full.txt — every sensor in full (Markdown)
gevis.json — all values and measurements with sources (JSON)
gevis.csv — one row per sensor (CSV)

Cite GEVIBench as: Adam E. Cohen and Daozheng Gong (2026). Voltage imaging: A practical guide. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.002

Generated from the GEVIBench database on 2026-10-12.