GEVIBench › All sensors › Marina
Marina
Positive-going ArcLight variant created by directed evolution.
- Category: VSD-single FP
- Published: 2017-03-15 — ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2017
- Derived from: ArcLight
- Response polarity: positive-going (fluorescence increases on depolarization)
- Spectrum: excitation peak 488 nm, emission peak 511 nm (Marina)
- Plasmid: Addgene #74216
- Tags: Ci-VSP, Positive-going, pHluorin
Headline values (as shown in the GEVIBench table)
| Metric | Value | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Brightness (B/B_EGFP) | 0.44× EGFP | Molecular brightness relative to EGFP (extinction coefficient × quantum yield, or a measured ratio). Sensors not measured against EGFP directly are placed through a chain of pairwise brightness comparisons, combined by geometric mean. |
| Kinetics τ_on / τ_off (ms) | 29 / 33 ms | Activation / decay time constants in ms (amplitude-weighted mean τ for multi-exponential fits). The value shown averages the measurements made at physiological temperature (≥33 °C); if there are none, it is the measurement closest to 33 °C. |
| ΔF/F per 100 mV | +29% | Steady-state fluorescence change for a 100 mV depolarization step (−70 → +30 mV); the sign gives the polarity. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting. |
| ΔF/F per mV | 0.25% (estimated from the F–V curve) | Subthreshold sensitivity: fluorescence change per mV near rest (−90 to −50 mV). Where no value is reported directly, it is estimated from the F–V curve. |
| ΔF/F per AP | 1.4% | Fluorescence change per single action potential in neurons. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting. |
| AP width (FWHM, ms) | — | Full width at half maximum of the optical spike waveform. |
| Photostability t75% @ 100 mW/mm² | 49 s | Time for fluorescence to fall to 75% of its initial value under one-photon illumination, linearly dose-scaled to 100 mW/mm² (t50% is used where the 75% crossing falls inside a fast initial transient). Two-photon curves are not dose-scaled and are excluded. |
| Papers using it (N_used) | 4 | Number of published research papers, tracked by GEVIBench, that used the sensor for an experiment (a popularity / track-record measure). |
Measurements and sources
Kinetics
- τ_on 29.2 ms, τ_off 32.7 ms at 37°C — Platisa 2017, Fig. S2
ΔF/F per 100 mV
- +29%, 1P — Platisa 2017, Fig. 3B
ΔF/F per action potential
- 1.4%, 1P — Platisa 2017, Main text
Brightness comparisons
- 0.677× the brightness of ArcLight — Platisa 2017, Main text
Photobleaching
- t75% = 272 s at 18 mW/mm², 1P — Platisa 2017, Fig. 3C
Fluorescence–voltage (F–V) curve
ΔF/F (%) at each membrane potential, normalized to 0 at −70 mV: -120 mV: -4%; -110 mV: -3%; -100 mV: -3%; -90 mV: -3%; -80 mV: -2%; -70 mV: 0%; -60 mV: 3%; -50 mV: 5%; -40 mV: 7%; -30 mV: 10%; -20 mV: 14%; -10 mV: 17%; 0 mV: 20%; 10 mV: 23%; 20 mV: 25%; 30 mV: 28% — Platisa 2017, Fig. 3B
Research papers using Marina (4)
- Directed evolution of key residues in fluorescent protein inverses the polarity of voltage sensitivity in the genetically encoded indicator ArcLight — Platisa J, Vasan G, Yang A, Pieribone VA, ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2017 (HEK293 cells and cultured mouse cortical neurons, in vitro)
- Generation of a genetically encoded voltage indicator MARINA reporter human iPS cell line using Cas9 (VULSCi002-A-2) — Petruskeviciu-te A, et al., Stem Cell Research 2024 (Human iPSC line with knock-in MARINA, in vitro)
- Stretch-induced endogenous electric fields drive directed collective cell migration in vivo — Ferreira F, et al., Nature Materials 2025 (Xenopus laevis neural crest cells, in vivo)
- In vivo Pirt-Marina voltage sensor imaging detects primary sensory neuron-specific voltage dynamics and neuronal plasticity changes — Zhang Y, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2025 (Mouse, dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia, in vivo)
Data and citation
- llms.txt — summary for language models
- llms-full.txt — every sensor in full (Markdown)
- gevis.json — all values and measurements with sources (JSON)
- gevis.csv — one row per sensor (CSV)
Cite GEVIBench as: Adam E. Cohen and Daozheng Gong (2026). Voltage imaging: A practical guide. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.002
Generated from the GEVIBench database on 2026-10-12.