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VADER1

Red-emitting voltage indicator built on the JEDI/ASAP architecture with a circularly permuted mApple for reliable spike detection under in vivo 2P.

Category: VSD-single FP
Published: 2026-06-03 — bioRxiv 2026
Derived from: JEDI-2P
Response polarity: positive-going (fluorescence increases on depolarization)
Spectrum: excitation peak 567 nm, emission peak 592 nm (VADER1)
Two-photon compatible: yes
Tags: cpmApple, Red, Two-photon, Positive-going

Headline values (as shown in the GEVIBench table)

Metric	Value	Definition
Brightness (B/B_EGFP)	0.42× EGFP	Molecular brightness relative to EGFP (extinction coefficient × quantum yield, or a measured ratio). Sensors not measured against EGFP directly are placed through a chain of pairwise brightness comparisons, combined by geometric mean.
Kinetics τ_on / τ_off (ms)	1.4 / 5.2 ms	Activation / decay time constants in ms (amplitude-weighted mean τ for multi-exponential fits). The value shown averages the measurements made at physiological temperature (≥33 °C); if there are none, it is the measurement closest to 33 °C.
ΔF/F per 100 mV	+42% (median of 2 measurements: +42%)	Steady-state fluorescence change for a 100 mV depolarization step (−70 → +30 mV); the sign gives the polarity. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
ΔF/F per mV	0.067% (estimated from the F–V curve)	Subthreshold sensitivity: fluorescence change per mV near rest (−90 to −50 mV). Where no value is reported directly, it is estimated from the F–V curve.
ΔF/F per AP	40% (median of 2 measurements: 54.5%)	Fluorescence change per single action potential in neurons. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting.
AP width (FWHM, ms)	3.6 ms	Full width at half maximum of the optical spike waveform.
Photostability t75% @ 100 mW/mm²	—	Time for fluorescence to fall to 75% of its initial value under one-photon illumination, linearly dose-scaled to 100 mW/mm² (t50% is used where the 75% crossing falls inside a fast initial transient). Two-photon curves are not dose-scaled and are excluded.
Papers using it (N_used)	1	Number of published research papers, tracked by GEVIBench, that used the sensor for an experiment (a popularity / track-record measure).

Measurements and sources

Kinetics

τ_on 1.41 ms, τ_off 5.21 ms at 33°C — Yang 2026, Table 1

ΔF/F per 100 mV

+42%, 1P — Yang 2026, Fig. 1H
+130%, 2P — Yang 2026, Fig. 2D

ΔF/F per action potential

40%, 2P — Yang 2026, Fig. 2G
68.9%, 2P — Yang 2026, Fig. 3B

AP width (FWHM)

1.2 ms at 7142.9 Hz sampling, Mouse, visual cortex L2/3, awake head-fixed, in vivo, 2P, 37°C — Yang 2026, Fig. 3C
6 ms at 440 Hz sampling, HEK293a cells, whole-cell voltage clamp, in vitro, 2P, 22°C — Yang 2026, Fig. S2.2A

Brightness comparisons

0.85× the brightness of FlicR2 — Yang 2026, Fig. 2C

Photobleaching

t75% = 104 s at 22.5 mW at 1045 nm (ULoVE 2P, brain surface), 2P — Yang 2026, Fig. 3F

Fluorescence–voltage (F–V) curve

ΔF/F (%) at each membrane potential, normalized to 0 at −70 mV: -100 mV: -1%; -70 mV: 0%; -40 mV: 3%; 0 mV: 18%; 30 mV: 45%; 60 mV: 54%; 90 mV: 50% — Yang 2026, Fig. 1G

Research papers using VADER1 (1)

A red-emitting, genetically encoded indicator for two-photon voltage recording in vivo — Yang S, McDonald AJ, Lu X, Villette V, Hakam N, Galdamez M, et al., bioRxiv 2026 (HEK293 cells, in vitro; Rat, cultured hippocampal neurons, in vitro; Mouse, visual cortex L2/3 and L5, in vivo)

Data and citation

llms.txt — summary for language models
llms-full.txt — every sensor in full (Markdown)
gevis.json — all values and measurements with sources (JSON)
gevis.csv — one row per sensor (CSV)

Cite GEVIBench as: Adam E. Cohen and Daozheng Gong (2026). Voltage imaging: A practical guide. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.002

Generated from the GEVIBench database on 2026-10-12.