GEVIBench › All sensors › Solaris
Solaris
Novel chemigenetic voltage indicator that inserts a dye-binding tag into the rhodopsin itself, achieving substantially higher voltage sensitivity than previous Voltron-family sensors.
- Category: Chemigenetic GEVI
- Published: 2024-02-04 — bioRxiv 2024
- Derived from: Voltron2; also related to Cepheid1b
- Response polarity: negative-going (fluorescence decreases on depolarization)
- Spectrum: excitation peak 593 nm, emission peak 611 nm (Solaris (JF585))
- Tags: Ace opsin, cpHaloTag, Red
Headline values (as shown in the GEVIBench table)
| Metric | Value | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Brightness (B/B_EGFP) | — | Molecular brightness relative to EGFP (extinction coefficient × quantum yield, or a measured ratio). Sensors not measured against EGFP directly are placed through a chain of pairwise brightness comparisons, combined by geometric mean. |
| Kinetics τ_on / τ_off (ms) | 2.5 / 2.5 ms | Activation / decay time constants in ms (amplitude-weighted mean τ for multi-exponential fits). The value shown averages the measurements made at physiological temperature (≥33 °C); if there are none, it is the measurement closest to 33 °C. |
| ΔF/F per 100 mV | -53% (median of 5 measurements: −53%) | Steady-state fluorescence change for a 100 mV depolarization step (−70 → +30 mV); the sign gives the polarity. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting. |
| ΔF/F per mV | 1% (estimated from the F–V curve) | Subthreshold sensitivity: fluorescence change per mV near rest (−90 to −50 mV). Where no value is reported directly, it is estimated from the F–V curve. |
| ΔF/F per AP | -28.1% (median of 5 measurements: −28.1%) | Fluorescence change per single action potential in neurons. The table shows the first listed measurement; the median across measurements (one-photon preferred) is used for sorting. |
| AP width (FWHM, ms) | 12 ms | Full width at half maximum of the optical spike waveform. |
| Photostability t75% @ 100 mW/mm² | — | Time for fluorescence to fall to 75% of its initial value under one-photon illumination, linearly dose-scaled to 100 mW/mm² (t50% is used where the 75% crossing falls inside a fast initial transient). Two-photon curves are not dose-scaled and are excluded. |
| Papers using it (N_used) | 1 | Number of published research papers, tracked by GEVIBench, that used the sensor for an experiment (a popularity / track-record measure). |
Measurements and sources
Kinetics
- τ_on 2.53 ms, τ_off 2.53 ms at 25°C — Yang 2024, Main text
ΔF/F per 100 mV
- -53%, 1P, dye JF585 — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
- -52%, 1P, dye JF552 — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
- -52%, 1P, dye JF549 — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
- -51%, 1P, dye JF525 — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
- -23%, 1P, dye JF635 — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
ΔF/F per action potential
- -28.1%, 1P, dye JF585 — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
- -26.5%, 1P, dye JF552 — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
- -22.6%, 1P, dye JF549 — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
- -21.9%, 1P, dye JF525 — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
- -7.9%, 1P, dye JF635 — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
AP width (FWHM)
- 11.5 ms at 484 Hz sampling, Rat, hippocampal neurons, in vitro, 1P — Yang 2024, Fig. 2B
Fluorescence–voltage (F–V) curve
ΔF/F (%) at each membrane potential, normalized to 0 at −70 mV: -100 mV: 33%; -80 mV: 7%; -70 mV: 0%; -60 mV: -13%; -40 mV: -27%; -20 mV: -38%; 0 mV: -45%; 20 mV: -51%; 40 mV: -55% — Yang 2024, Fig. 1C
Research papers using Solaris (1)
- Solaris: a panel of bright and sensitive hybrid voltage indicators for imaging membrane potential in cultured neurons — Yang J, et al., bioRxiv 2024 (HEK293T cells; rat hippocampal neurons, in vitro)
Data and citation
- llms.txt — summary for language models
- llms-full.txt — every sensor in full (Markdown)
- gevis.json — all values and measurements with sources (JSON)
- gevis.csv — one row per sensor (CSV)
Cite GEVIBench as: Adam E. Cohen and Daozheng Gong (2026). Voltage imaging: A practical guide. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.002
Generated from the GEVIBench database on 2026-10-12.